Ten Simple Ways to Improve My English Essay Example for Free

Ten Simple Ways to Improve My English Essay1. This is what most people would advise read. remove anything and everything in English. You can read storybooks, newspapers, magazines, blocs, comics, English textbooks, instructions and ingredients on food packages, advertisements, and so on For story books, put one overt force yourself to read something in addition difficult or something you know you wont enjoy. Make reading playing period Read books that you enrjoy eading. I hate to read books that bore me too.2. Watch English movies with subtitles. This would be my pet way of assureing English. Not only do I get to have a fun time watching the movie, Id be learning new countersigns at the same time and knowing how to pronounce them Usually, you can get movies with English subtitles on DVDs.3. Listen to English songs. Read the lyrics as you listen to the songs. Listen to your favorite songs and sing along to them Actually, turning on the radio or putting on an English Music CD might just be one of the best ways to retain or record vocabulary and grammar that you hear in the music lyrics . According to bits per second Research Digest, as sighted in the May 2008 addition of psychologiesMagazine, the answer to the age old question of learning a language, might lie in a songThe researchers concluded that we find it easier to remember words if theyre set to music, partly because its more emotionally engaging, but also because the words are structured in a way that makes it easier for us to segment the information and store it in our memories. So turn up your speakers or put on your headphones and prepare to learn English with music. In addition, by combining the benefits of music with reading the lyrics simultaneous you will be able to learn English faster. Try it out with mayhap, Perhaps, Perhaps by cake. The songs I have just said are clear, fun and usually focus on a specific form of grammar. .4. Start a bloc in English. This is one way for you to prac tice your writing. Blog on something that you love. If you are a fan of movies, start a blog and save well-nigh your favorites movies, your favourite characters, what you think could be improved in the movie, what new movies to expect next year, etc. Besides blogging, try joining online forums, engage in online chatting and more.5.If you dont want to maintain a blog, why not bring through to a pen pal? Itd be even more fun to have a pen pal from a different country I used to write to other people from the US, Germany, Mexico, and even Yugoslavia. I remember feeling excited when I see letters with foreign stamps on it in my mailbox. If you dont want to spend too much coin on stamps, then get a local pen pal. Perhaps Email will do.6.Write in your diary/journal in English. This is where you can write anything in it. just if you do write something you wouldnt want others to read, make sure you hide it somewhere safe Or try not to write anything offensive at all in case someone does find it. You can also write about neutral stuff like the places you went that day, what you ate, who you met, what you did, etc.7.Be best friends with a good English dictionary. You can use Oxford, Collins, Cambridge,. Buy a dictionary that youre comfortable with and USE it at all times. wait it next to you when youre reading. I always put my favourite Oxford dictionary by my side when Im reading. So when I stumble upon a word I dont know, I dont have to get up and look around for it. Its right in that location by my side. Thus, I have no excuse for not looking the word up8.Speak the language whenever you can. Speak it with friends and family. You can also sing along to English songs Try karaoke feignt be shy to try speaking the language. Dont be afraid that others will tease you. In fact, theyll admire you for your courage and confidence. I think that is the best way to improve in language expertness is to use it Even if you have a riddle with it, you should still keep on tryi ng Theres no better way than to practice, just like sports or art or any other skill that one tries to learn. Reading is also excellent, but when you talk to autochthonic speakers, it brings confidence and skill I am also learning a language that is not my own, and I can say truly that the native speakers will usually for the most part help you and be encouraging almost anyone appreciates a stranger trying to learn their language.So, just keep trying to practice with people. Go out with friends, start up conversations, try out your grammar, and also listen to the native speakers. Try to mimic their grammar patterns and listen to what context the words are being spoken in. This is something that printed material can not give you.But remember the 1 thing dont be afraid You can do it Dont let anyone tell you that you are not good. It takes time, and just keep tryingIf people intimidate you too much, try listening to tapes, I know people that do this and get good results. But nothing will be better than just talk to people who speak english. Dont be afraid to ask the person, Can you explain? or I dont understand can you repeat it?9.Learn a new word a day. Keep your own vocabulary notebook and write a new word and its meaning in it every day. Refer to it as a great deal as possible so that the new words will stick in your head.10.You can also learn new phrases, idioms or proverbs a day. A kick in the teeth, sit on the fence, make a clean sweep, a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush, a mans home is his castle, etc. When you come across a saying that you like, write it down and its meaning in your notebook Actually, there are many more ways for you to improve your English. If you have extra money to spend, you can even sign up for English courses, English camps and so on. But why throw away your money when you can learn the language in cheaper waysLearn at your own pace. Theres no need to travel when learning something especially a language. Make learning English fun. Dont give up too soon or get discouraged. Dont get stressed out when it becomes a little difficult.

Assessment Methods Essay Example for Free

Assessment Methods EssayThe 12 principles of Good Assessment and Feedback were produced by Academic Policy Committee and agreed by Senate in 2008. They atomic number 18 intended to help academic staffs who wishes to promote student engagement and self-regulation in learning http//www. strath. ac. uk/learnteach/teaching/staff/assessfeedback/12principles/16. 30on 12/05/2010 The principles of good estimation atomic number 18 Help clarify what good performance is. Encourage time and effort on challenging learning tasks. Deliver high quality feedback information that helps learners self-correct. propose opportunities to close whatever gap between current and desired performance. Ensure that summative assessment has a positive impact on learning. Encourage fundamental interaction and dialogue around learning (peer and teacher-student) Facilitate the development of self-assessment and reflection in training Give choice in the topic, method, criteria, weighting or timing of assessme nts assume students in decision-making about assessment policy and practice Support the development of learning communities Encourage positive motivational beliefs and self-esteem.Provide information to teachers that can be used to shape teaching. An assessment must be consistent, accessible, detailed, earned and transparent. These principles form the acronym CADET. ( Linda Wilson 2009) C-Consistent A-Accessible D-Detailed E-Earned T-Transparent There are certain basic assessment rules. Though there are different ways of assessing anyone assessing should need something to measure on. In my classes these are given by the awarding body The Association of Business Executives. The assessments encounter o be valid and relevant ,reliable, authentic, sufficient, objective and power of Discrimination.Assessment relationships to The following assessment methods are used for my Diploma students in Level 5 in political economy class and the assessment methods encompass these principles. (MC Q) dual Choice Questions (MCQ) MMMMMMMMCQ)) Multiple choice questions Advantages Often referred to as objective tests (in terms of their marking), this method can sample a wide range of knowledge and memory quickly and has the say-so for measuring understanding, analysis, problem solving skills and appraising(prenominal) skills. There are a wide word form of formats from true/false to reason/assertion.Multiple Choice Questions are easy to mark and analyse results. They are useful in terms of their ease of formation with large numbers of students, especially where marking is to be done by assistants rather than the test-setter. Computer marking and web-administered tests for Multiple Choice Questions are well-established. They are besides useful for self assessment and screening. Multiple Choice Questions have potentially high reliability, validity and manageability, and feedback to students is fast. Constructivism calls for the elimination of grades and standardized testing.Ins tead, assessment becomes part of the learning touch so that students play a larger role in judging their own progress. Short Answer questions Advantages A standard method using roughly less structured questions than those in Multiple Choice Questions. They are frequently used in the mock examination conducted by me to award a a few(prenominal) marks as a starter, which is then followed by a question which requires much writing. Although they have the potential for measuring analysis, application of knowledge, problem-solving and evaluative skills, more practical(a)ly than not their construction means they only test the lower cognitive levels. mark to homunculus answers is relatively fast compared with marking problems exclusively not compared with Multiple Choice Questions. They are convenient to use when a number of assessors will mark the papers, and all alternatives can be considered. Marking for feedback (e. g. with formative assessment) can be relatively fast. Single Essay Examination These are relatively easy to set and can test a wide range of abilities including capacity to portion on a wide range of knowledge, to price reductione and to identify recurrent themes. Marking for grading is relatively fast providing the criteria are simple. EssaysThese are applicable to any topic that requires the ability to construct and sustain a written argument. There are several types of essays that test different styles of writing and types of thinking. They can measure understanding, synthesis and evaluation, providing you asks the right questions. They are relatively easy to set and mark for grading based on impressionistic marking is fast. However, it is essential to determine the marking lineation before you start marking and then share it with the students or better still, get them involved in drawing up the marking criteria/scheme and/or suggesting additional personal criteria.It is also worth having a formal student peer- criticism system on draf ts prior to submission. Case Studies These can range from simple vignettes illustrating issues in the practice of a discipline, through to complex sets of documentation which may require analysis and research. Solutions can range from short answer questions to complex plans or proposals. They have potential for measuring application of knowledge, analysis, problem-solving, evaluative skills and principles applicable to real-world situations. They can reach all the way up Blooms taxonomy to synthesis and evaluation levels.Short cases are relatively easy to design and mark. Marking for grading and feedback are about as fast as essay marking. They can bequeath useful information for formative purposes, including diagnosis of problems, because answering the questions or meeting the requirements is a great deal a multistage process. Cases are generally best used in conjunction with several other methods. They often overlap and move into simulations and they can also form the basis of p roject briefs, and lend themselves to collaborative learning. Projects These are good for all-round ability testing.There is the potential for sampling a wide range of practical, analytical and interpretative skills, as well as the wider application of knowledge, understanding and skills to real/simulated situations. They can provide a measure of project and time management. Group projects can provide a measure of teamwork skills and leadership. Motivation teamwork can be high. Learning gains can be high particularly if reflective learning is part of the criteria. They test methods and processes as well as end results. Projects allow students to contextualise ideas or material by applying them to practical instances.Educational assessment is reasoning from observations of what students do or make in a handful of particular circumstances, to what they know or can do more broadly. Practice has changed a great deal over the past century, in response to evolving conceptions of knowledg e and its acquisition, views of schooling and its purposes, and technologies for gathering and evaluating response data. Conceptions of what constitutes assessment data, how it should be interpreted, and what tolerant of inferences is to be drawn can differ radically under different psychological perspectives.We see greater continuity, however, when we distinguish the structure of assessment arguments from their substance. Developments here have been more in the nature of extensions, elaborations, and refinements, as they have been prompted by changes in culture and substance. Problems This method has the potential for measuring application, analysis and problem solving strategies. Marking for grading of easy problems is fast but marking of complex problems can be slow. Variation between markers is fairly low when based on model answers or marking schemes but you need to allow for creative, valid solutions by bright students.Student Peer Assessment This is an area which can develop students judgemental and evaluative skill and is helping them along the road to being critically reflective practitioners. But students need to be involved in criteria setting to some bound at least in terms of a discussion of the criteria and their appropriacy in terms of the learning outcomes. Computer based assessment Much talked about but still mostly of the MCQ and short-answer type which can mark and analyse results quickly.More recently this area has expanded to include mathematical problems and simulations. Reliability is high. Indeed, Crisp and colour Lister (2001) point out that on reviewing social work education literature there seems to be far less emphasis on assessment of classroom-based learning than of learning in field settings. David Boud, Enhancing learning through self assessment,1989 Routledge Falmer Crisp, B. R. Green Lister, P. (2001). Assessment methods in social work education A review of the literature. Social Work Education, 21(2), 259-270.

Niger Delta Conflict On The Nigerian Economy Politics Essay

Niger Delta Conflict On The Nigerian Economy Politics EssayThe targetive of this Chapter is to provide a background to the study. This includes the implication of the Niger-Delta (ND) strife on the Nigerian economy, the genesis of remission policy, the objective of the study, query questions, methodology as considerably as scope and limitations to the study. circumstance to the StudyThe centrality of the Niger-Delta Region to Nigerias economy is indisputable. This is beca custom it produces the oil color that presently sustained the economy. Unfortunately, however, all everyplace the last decades, it has become a centre for bowelless protests with destructive consequences on the Nigerian economy and socio- policy-making stability as well as the rippled effect across the international. For instance, government statistics be in possession of shown that in 2005, Crude oil intersection has leave come forth from 2.7million barrels per day (mbpd) to 2.4mbpd thereby showing a shortfall of 0.3mbpd in bleak oil production. On the tax income side, in the same year, the projected revenue of N1.63trillion was revised downward to N1.4trillion due to shortfall in new oil production (2006 FGN Budget Speech). Similarly, in 2006 expected revenue into the Federation Account pull down by N570 billion due to loss of 600,000bpd (2007 FGN Budget Speech). In 2007, the projected revenue was short to the tune of N796billion due to dislocation of crude oil production in the Niger-Delta region (2008 FGN Budget Speech). In 2008, crude oil production was projected at around 2.45mbpd but only 2.00mbpd was achieved also due to disruption of production (2009 FGN Budget Speech). In 2009, crude oil revenue projection fell by 17% due to disruption in production as well as fall in crude oil price at the international market (2010 FGN Budget Speech).An other(a) evidenceer to the gloomy genius of the Nigerian economy was the use of the Excess Revenue Account (ERA) from year 200 6 every month, except in several(prenominal) very few cases, to augment the monthly disbursement of revenue from the Federation Account. For instance, over N733.81bn and N795.41bn were withdrawn from the ERA to augment budget expenditure for the three tiers of government in 2007 and 2008 respectively (CBN, Annual Report, 2008).The impinge has been blamed on the nations imbalance policy-making structure long years of environmental pollution due to oil exploration and extraction activities infrastructural neglect and strike for larger sh ar of revenue from crude oil sales (Omeje, 2006). But, recognizably, over the decades, government provoke used carrots and sticks approaches both to coerce and appease the people of the Niger-Delta Region. date the past measures have made some significant impacts in some respects, there are recurring echoes of consternation from the region. Among the past efforts were the creation of the Niger-Delta Development bill (NDDB), Oil Mineral Producin g Areas Development Commission (OMPADEC), Niger-Delta Development Commission (NDDC), Derivation Principle (from 1% to 13%) and the establishment of Niger-Delta Ministry in 2008.Fisher-Thompson (2010) writing for the Bureau of world-wide Information Programs, U.S. Department of asseverate detect that the key to Nigerias economic progress is stability in the Niger River Delta, where the bulk of the countrys oil and infixed gas is produced and where a smolder militance and sabotage of production facilities threaten progress for the regions 30million residents. Thus recognising the enormous potentials of Niger-Delta for the nation at large, the late President YarAdua, for example, said it would be delusional to esteem that electricity could be generated and transmitted on a sustainable basis in Nigeria if resolution of the Niger-Delta question remains literally or figuratively in the pipelines (Adeniyi, 2010), Similarly, the Technical Committee on the Niger-Delta (TCND, 2008), n aced that President YarAdua recognised the strategic importance of the Region as the main source of Nigerias foreign revenue by making the Niger-Delta problem one of the 7-Point programme of the administration.Thus, forbearance was granted to the militants in the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria in June 2009, by late President YarAdua to assuage the nagging militance in the region. There is, however, hardly any study at the moment that have made any constructive attempt to analyse the impact of the mercy programme on the nations crude oil production as well as revenue flow into the Federation Account except for the dotted newspapers clips and other scattered official documents. Also, as it is with most novel approaches, the amnesty programme has been greeted with lots of scepticism as its alike(p)ly impact of restoring peace and improved crude oil production and flow of revenue into the Federation Account might not be achieved.Accordingly, as a topical divulge in Nigeria, whi ch viability is questioned, it provides the motive and interest to peruse government documents in order to give a better picture of the situation. Moreso, as a staff of Revenue Mobilisation apportioning and Fiscal Commission (RMAFC), an agency of government that is constitutionally charged with the function of monitoring revenue accruals into and disbursement from the Federation Account, added more impetus to the subject of the research. Hence, this research is an attempt to put together official records as well as other sources in order to give a preliminary impact of the amnesty programme on crude oil production and revenue into Federation Account.OBJECTIVESIn this research, the quest is not to discuss the amnesty programme or to bide on the oil debacle in Nigeria, but to relate the amnesty programme to some of the expected benefits, which are specifically interconnected with improved crude oil production and flow of oil revenue into the Federation Account. In other words, the primary aim of this research is to find out whether the acceptance of amnesty by the militants in the Niger-Delta has any significant impact on crude oil production output and flow of oil revenue into the Federation Account. research QUESTIONSThis research would particularly attempt to answer the following research questionsTo what extent has the granting of amnesty as a mechanism to manage pick skirmish in the Niger-Delta region contributes to improved crude oil production?What is the effect of the amnesty on the flow of revenue into the Federation Account (Common Pool) from the oil sector?How does the amnesty programme impact on the Nigerias pecuniary federalism?METHODOLOGYJankowicz, (1995) has defined methodology as a systematic and orderly approach taken towards the collection of information so that information can be obtained from those entropy. This research adopts a qualitative approach, which has been described as a subjective account that one generates by getting ins ide situations and involving oneself in the everyday flow of life (Gill and Johnson, 200589). In Strauss and Corbin (199017) Qualitative Research is any kind of research that produces findings not arrived at by center of statistical procedures or other means of quantification. The objective of using this approach is to be able to draw conclusion from the research question as to whether there was an increase in crude oil production as well as revenue flow into Federation Account as a impression of the amnesty granted to the militants.This research uses secondary data collection approach. The data of crude oil production statistics and revenue inflow were sourced from Nigerian National oil colour Corporation (NNPC), Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), Revenue Mobilisation Allocation and Fiscal Commission, Federation Account Allocation Committee Files (FAAC) and National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). Despite, their shortcomings, the credibility of data from these institutions is not in dou bt because no any other agency can provide such data within and outside Nigeria without referring to them as source.The data collected were evaluated using a simple data inspection proficiency which is a comparison between actual experience and counterfactual scenarios. This type of technique is comprised of three methods namely with versus without, ahead versus subsequently and target versus actual. This method is basically used to analyse the effects of programmes and performance (Douangboupha, 2004).This research adopted the before and after technique because it provide the basis in which comparison is done between crude oil production and revenue flow into Federation Account before and after the amnesty has been granted. The before versus after method is used to compare performance of a new policy with what was before the reform. This approach usually shows what happened and not why it happened. However, this approached is criticised on the fact that it ignores other external factors that can influence it outcome (Douangboupha, 2004).SCOPE OF THE RESEARCHThe scope of this research is to examine crude oil and revenue data from January 2009 May 2010. Similarly, the research would not be interested in looking at the amnesty programme in general.Chapter Two literature REVIEWIntroductionThe main objective of this Chapter is to critically review literature from variety of perspectives on the causation and management of combat with links to natural resources generate conflicts.Review of LiteratureConflict is a tragedy and impediment to development (Collier and Hoeffler, 2000). Conflict is an interruption of development as no development project leave ever take place in a state of conflict. Of course, this has been acknowledged by late President YarAdua that conflict is threatening peace, security, order and good disposal and jeopardising the economy of the nation (YarAdua, 2009).Conflict has been defined by Burton (1990) as those behaviours of individuals or groups that go beyond disagreement that cause serious injury to physical, security and future(a) development of individuals, groups and nations. As in Omeje (200617), Fisher (2000) defines conflict as uneasy relationship between two or more parties who have, or think they have incompatible goals. These incompatible goals are largely associated with deep-human needs characterised by interest, desires and aspirations.Without doubt, conflicts do not just happened as there are always such factors that learn to conflicts. The causation of conflicts have been theorised in various ways such as in biological disposition, psychology, religion, identity, ethnicity, nationalism, ideology, history and ancients hatred, bad neighbours, manipulative leaders, security dilemma, cultural dysfunction, spirit of the State and incompatible world views ( macintosh Ginty, 2009). Despite these incisive but opposing perspectives, the rentier state theory and resource swearing thesis were, indeed, t wo central manakins that have provided in-depth analysis on the impact of natural resources to the governmental, economic and social settings of resource blessed nations.In the rentier theory, it is argued that it is any state reliant not on the surfeit production of the domestic population or economy but on externally generated revenues or rents usually derived from the extractive industries such as oil (Omeje, 2006). The rentier theory believed that conviction on economic rents promotes inefficiency and impede socioeconomic development (Mahler, 2010). Proponents of this theory argued that, on the political strand, rents promote authoritarian rule because it encourages lucrework of patronage, pervasive clientelism and selfish policies of distribution. The net effects of these are lack of democratisation and gross societal depoliticisation. Another contention is that the presence of cornucopia of revenues, particularly, coming from oil sector discourages taxation thereby making the political class less accountable to the people and less interested in the promotion of citizen participation in governance.Though rentier theory centralise more on the stability of authoritarian rule, rather than violence, there are evidence that rents are used to finance security apparatus by the political class to repress opposition, which in essence amount to violence (Mahler, 2010). As an example, the Nigerian political history has been dominated by both military and political elites that have less sympathy for the promotion of democracy. The evidences of coup and counter-coups that shaped the nations political past are obvious fleck election rigging and disenfranchisement have so distant characterises the democratic dispensation. On the whole, there are submissions that the bulk of the youths in the Niger-Delta were armed by politicians. Okolo (2009) aptly states that the politicians in their unbridled lust for business leader, arm these youths as private armies again st their real and perceived enemies making all sorts of promises to secure their loyalty but immediately their aim is achieved they abandon them forgetting that they still hold the gird. The youths unemployed and angered must a matter of necessity employ the guns to some use?The world is today not faced by the Thomas Mal therefrom (1798) assertion that scarcity leads to conflict but by the argument that resource abundance has a link to conflict. The Malthusian argument is based on the idea that natural resources are in fixed supply and as demand of the resources increased, the price also increases, while the resources depleted thus leading to conflict (Mahler, 2010). On the contrary, staple theorizer argued that resource abundance leads to the improvement of peoples well-being because natural resources provide the much needed revenues for the provision of goods and services.Unfortunately, resource abundance is now seen as a curse that is associated with all sorts of problems rang ing from slow economic offset, corruption and conflicts (Oyefusi, 2007). Economic theorists have contended that over-reliance on single source of revenue makes a nation vulnerable and prone to conflict (Herbst, 2001) because of large rents and exposure to variety of shocks (booms and bursts). For instance, Nigeria has faced several crude oil related shocks and conflicts from 1966 to date often resolutenessing in loss of lives and dislocation of the nations economy. More combination to Nigeria is that the oil resource is largely located in one geographical region. And, as aptly observed by Ndikumana and Emizet (2005), dependence alone does not prod conflict but the concentration of the natural resources in one geographical region and their unequal distribution significantly contribute to conflict. Moreso, the topography of the Niger-Delta area seems conducive for militancy activities. Olowu (2009) described the Niger-Delta as an intricate network of lagoons, creeks, estuaries, an d mangroves swamps, stretching across 1 million square meters. Howsoever, sound is the above proposition a many countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran, Norway and host of others were able to demystify the resource-dependency theory by making considerable progress in transforming their respective nations. So, for Collier (2004) the solution is to diversify the sources, which reduces the find of conflict.Also, the resource-dependency theory has been criticised on the fact that dependency alone on a single natural resource does not lead to armed conflict. As Mac Ginty, (200567) argued scarcity and violence are a product of social relations rather than inherent in the relative abundance of a particular good, object or resources. It is further argued that conflict arises from a complex mix of events in the presence of resources the mode of resource exploitation, perception on benefits and identity affiliations. As it has been observed if the stake are high, identity affiliations can mutate, with groups and individuals attaching increasing weight to the purity of their ethnic group and rediscovering (or inventing) their unique history (Mac Ginty, 2005). Added to this, Ross (200319) pointed out that any given conflict is brought about by a complex set of events often poverty, ethnic or religious accounts, and unstable governments The fundamental problem noted in this condition is that of the management of the resources. It has been pointed out that it is the nature of the extraction coerce or voluntary, licences distribution patronage or open competition, profit destination public or private pockets that significantly explained whether there is resource curse or not (Mac Ginty, 2005). Similarly, poor management of resources create situations where individuals or group that harbour some grievances will use that as opportunity to argue against plundering of the resources located in their backyard without benefits. This is, somehow, the case in the Niger-Delta region o f Nigeria where there is demand for fair share of revenue from the resources extracted from the area.The resource curse thesis presumed misery in the midst of plenty. It is argued that abundance rather than serve as a means for development leads to struggle for the control of the natural resource which often result in armed conflict (Obi, 2008). Indeed, the armed conflict in the Niger-Delta is over the control of crude oil between the State and the local communities caused by poverty and low human development index (Omeje, 2006). On another hand, studies by Sachs and Warner (19973) demonstrated that resource-poor economies often vastly outperform resource-rich economies. The point is that nations with abundant natural resources tend to grow slower than economies with fewer resources. In support of the above, Ross (2003) reported that the GDP per capita of countries which mining export was between 6% to 15%, fell by an average rate of 0.7% while those with mining export of about 15% 50%, their GDP per capita fell to 1.1% a year. Similarly, it showed that the GDP per capita of countries with over 50% of mining exports, dropped by 2.3% per year.Furthermore, Sachs and Warner, (1997) cited diachronic instances to buttressed this point that in the 17th century contempt the overflow of gold and silver from the colonies of Spain, the Netherlands surpassed Spain. This is similar with lacquer and Switzerland that cast shadow over resource abundant Russia in the 19th Century while Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong became the star performers of the 20th century despite having fewer resources. Sachs and Warner (19974) conceptually situate this economic puzzle within the context of easy riches leads to sloth and the Dutch ailment proposition. The Dutch Disease thesis argued that the availableness of large rents from a single natural resources often result in the neglect of other productive sectors of the economy (Ross, 1999). In other words, the Dutch disease demonstrates that booms in natural resource sectors usually affect the distribution of employment throughout the economy, as wealth effects pull resources in and out of non-traded sectors (Sachs and Warner, 19975). And this is discernable in Nigeria where oil revenue continue to grow from 3% in the 1960s to now over 80% of federally collectable revenue while total agricultural export dropped from 60% in the1960s to less than 8% by 2005 (Omeje, 2006).However, contrary to the persuasive argument put forward by Sachs and Warner, (1997), that one surprising features of modern economic growth is that economies abundant in natural resources have tended to grow slower than economies without substantial natural resources, Stijns, (20003) argued that it was a misleading result which was short of recommending that developing countries should leave their natural resources undiscovered and/or unexploited. Stijns (20004) further contended that natural resources are not significant determinants of economic g rowth because of the coexistence of positive and nix channels of effect from natural resources to other economic factors.It has been variously argued that natural resources have the potentials of promoting violent conflict through grievance and rapacity. The grievance theory sees conflict emerging from the long concern over deprivation and injustice (Collier, 2004 and Collier and Sambanis, 2007). Therefore, Communities whose land is being exploited sees themselves as collateral damage and where benefits is not forthcoming, they safety to protest and violence that leads to economic sabotage such as disruptions of production. For instance, the Niger-Delta region has been famous for economic sabotage as a way of protest against environmental degradation and neglect (Omeje, 2006).However, economists like Collier and Hoeffler have argued that greed is more inherent in motivating conflict than grievance or conflicts are far more likely to be caused by economic opportunities than by grie vance (Mac Ginty, 200579, Tar, 2008). This is because the abundance of natural resource often serves as an inducing in which elites and warlords loot. The greed theory also presupposes that natural resources provide attraction to covetous individuals or groups to rebel in order to take control over revenues from the natural resources. However, critics argued that the pattern made economists on the causation of conflict is economic rationalism taken to extreme (Mac Ginty, 200571) and pointed out that conflicts cannot be measured only by econometric methodologies or mistook correlation for causation while also subjecting the causes of conflicts only within the national environment without placing external factors such as trade, religion, regional dynamics in arms flow, etc. Generally, it is argued that the real agents of conflicts are politics and identity while economic factors only appear to change the nature and aim of the conflict at some stage (Mac Ginty, 2005). As further cont ended, economic factors can enable conflict, but it cannot combust or sparks the conflict without other factors.Closely related to the greed thesis is the frustration and aggression theory, which deals with relative deprivation as a perceived disparity between value expectation and value capabilities (Afinotan and Ojakorotu, 2009). The theory argues that if there is a gap between expectation and attainment caused by lack of capability, tension crept in as a result of unfulfilled aspiration, which leads to frustration that finally produces violent aggression. It was noted by Afinotan and Ojakorotu, (2009) that men are most inclined to aggression when subjected to unjustified frustration. Indeed, the potentials of violence are define by the gravity of deprivation. As Afinotan and Ojakorotu, (2009) pointed out men who are frustrated have an innate disposition to do violence to its source in proportion to the intensity of their frustration. The Niger-Delta conflict is a perfective aspe ct demonstration of this theory because people are frustrated by lack of development, etc. However, this theory has been criticised on the ground that aggressive response to frustration whitethorn be dependent upon the individuals direct of tolerance Afinotan and Ojakorotu, (2009).The separatist theory suggests that natural resources portend the risk of a secessionist conflict because it gives those in the region where the resources is located the incentive to demand for separate State (0yefusi, 2007). Indeed, it is more obvious from the emerging picture and dynamics of the conflict in the Niger-Delta region that the element of greed rather than grievance is more pronounced as various groups and factions emerged making conflicting demands and more often violently clash with each other over the control of areas where pipelines adroitness passes through (Omeje, 2006, 2008).In another perspective, Bannon and Collier (20032) contended that conflict is more likely to occur in a state o f low per capita income, low economic growth rate and the structure of the economy. For instance, since the 1970s oil exports generated huge revenues in Nigeria, and yet, per capita income has remain very low in 1975 the per capita from oil was $127 which raised to $351 in 1980 and plummeted to $81 in 1989 but gradually grew to $337 in 2007 and to $391 in 2007 (CBN, Annual Statistical Bulletin, 2008). Though growing population in Nigeria has played a pivotal role in this low per capita, it is hard to conclude that low per capita from oil revenue is not one of the factors that leads to conflict in Nigeria (Mahler, 2010). But Mahler (201015) persuasively argued that even though travel oil revenues in the 1980s and the 1990s have contributed to low per capita, it was not only the shrinking abundance of oil but also its interplay with weak resource management performance in the country that caused further socioeconomic problems. These are issues associated with managing environmental problems and resource allocation principles. Therefore, as a solution, Collier (20047) suggested that doubling the level of income halve the risk of conflict. A percentage point on growth rate reduces the risk by around a percentage point.Despite the preponderance of econometric and case study analyses, there are still profound opposition that resources alone cannot be the direct link to conflict. This is because other extraneous factors and historical assumptions which are necessary for creating a link between resources and violent conflicts have not been properly contextualized through in-depth empirical studies to create linkages between resources and conflicts (Mahler, 2010). To this end, Mahler, (2010) has provided in a tabular form a matrix of resource and non-resource contextual conditions that will guide debate on the link between conflict and resourcesUsing the matrix in Table IV, and as has been postulated, the conflict in the Niger-Delta is premise on four contextual fa ctors with oil serving as the main attraction (Omeje, 2006) as well as other external factors. Some commentators have situated the conflict in the Niger-Delta within the hypothesis of historical context arguing that the unification of Nigeria in 1914 was unconscious of the heterogeneous nature of the nation as it failed to address the concern of the minority groups. Thus, the dominance of majority groups over the minority groups whose environment eventually produces the nations revenue, give rise to agitation for the restructuring of Nigeria (Omeje, 2006). The second ground situates the conflict in the Niger-Delta on the legal framework relating to land self-will and extraction policies. Proponents of this thesis argued that the existing legal framework has given more control to the Multinational Oil Companies operating in the country thereby making them less liable to the environmental problems associated with exploration and extraction. In other words, the current legal mechanis m within Nigeria lacks the impetus of en wringment. In the case of landownership, it is argued that the Land Use Act of 1978, for instance, has given State Government the ownership of land thus depriving individuals and groups from the right to demand for appropriate compensation, a situation which late President YarAdua attempted to reverse (Adeniyi, 2010). The third view positioned the Niger-Delta conflict on the pedestal of dependency in which the incorporation of Nigeria into global economic and political scene that is yet to be understood has disadvantaged Nigeria thereby leading to conflict. The quaternate school of thought with Marxist approach sees the conflict in the Niger-Delta as the contradictions of class or groups interest intrinsic to the political economy of Nigeria as well as the character of the state (Omeje, 2006).Indisputably, the above issues are cause largely by institutional arrangement. As noted by Bardhan (2005) institutions either economic or political con stitute or form the nucleus in which equitable distribution of resources or powers among divergent groups are made. And where the institution is inefficient, it becomes less credible thus attracting disquiet among the people. Bardhan (200527) put it that the history of underdevelopment is littered with cases of formidable institutional impediments. The failure of the institutions gives birth to collective action problem such as dispute over the sharing of the cost of bringing change known as drop out-rider problem and disputes over the sharing of benefits. All these problems, often, lead to breakdown of coordination among divergent and competing groups.Douglass North in Acemoglu and Robinson (20082) define institution as the rules of the game in a society or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction. Both economic and political institutions are influence by collective choices. The political institution, for instance, allocates de jure and de f acto powers even though the latter sometime uses the instrument of force to meet it objectives. Acemoglu and Robinson (20086-7) noted that de facto political power originates from both the ability of the group in question to solve its collective action problem and from the economic resources available to the group which determines their capacity to use force against other groups. They further noted that when a particular group is rich relative to others, this will increase it de facto political power and enable it to push for economic and political institutions favourable to its interests, reproducing the initial disparity. Certainly, the Niger-Delta conflict is a prime example of this assertion because the militants were capitalising on the location of the crude oil in their geography as a weapon to move for drastic change in the way political power and resource distribution are made.The history of Nigeria has depicted bright evidences of political and economic asymmetry, which me ans unequal power and resource distribution and relation between communities within the States and between the State and the federal Government. It is palpable that despite the creation of more States in the last decades, the cries of marginalisation still pervade the nations political terrain. For instance, State and Federal relationship has been situated on the north/ federation divide created by the amalgamation of 1914 which created a presume fear that the north with numerical population would continue to dominate the south. Oputa (2000113), for example, observed that political asymmetry in this case persists because of the fear of domination by the north in the context of party electoral competition for control of political power and, therefore, of the enormous fiscal resources and patronage deriving from it at the federal level. Another issue political asymmetry lies in the balance of power where the States have remained dependent on the Federal Government. But it should be n oted that Nigerias federalism was unique because the centre created the units unlike in other federations where the units create the centre.Contributing to the conflict debates, the neo-liberalists through the conception that free-market made free men believe that individual freedoms, open markets and rational choice guides human beings away from encouraging conflicts but instead sees development as a fly the coop out of conflict. This argument was re-enforced by the submission that free trade prevents conflicts and was demonstrated by the post-colonial studies of Krause and Suzuki, which concluded that the probability of conflict under open trade is undistinguished (Mac Ginty, 2009). However, this postulation was criticised on the ground that free trade encourages market-induced inequality thereby creating enmity and tension among individuals and communities. Indeed, the Niger-Delta region is the symbol of Nigerias international trade where Multi-national Companies (MNCs) engage in Oil and Gas business, surprisingly, it is the same region that has been inundated by violence. Often, there were clear evidences to suggest the involvement of the MNCs in the brewing of the conflicts (Omeje, 2006, 2008).Development is another issue that is said to be behind conflict. This is so because the process of development sometime provide s

The Samarco Dam Collapse

The Samarco Dam CollapseThe Biggest Brazilian Environmental DisasterIntroduction When a natural catastrophe happens, it forever and a day catches the attention of people around the world. Therefore, this research was the place where breeding was collected about the greatest environmental cataclysm that occurred in the history of Brazil, which affected the lives of many an(prenominal) Brazilians. This report aims to show the damage caused to the population and the environment, besides the neglect of these large companies with the populationMethodologyThis report is constituted of research and collection of information of countersign, and informatory reports about the biggest environmental disaster in the history of Brazil.The DisasterOn November 5, 2015, the greatest environmental disaster occurred in the history of Brazil. This tragedy occurred at the itty-bitty historic town of Mariana in the interior of the state of Minas Gerais. The Fundo dam, which was the responsibility o f the mining connection Samarco, failed, causing the leakage of approximately 62 meg cubic meters of mud from the tailings, a huge tsunami In total 19 people died, hundreds of buildings were destroyed and left families homeless. The largest volume leakage of material dumped by dams of mining rejects of all time, also caused the pollution of the Doce river and environmental damage that extended to the states of Esprito Santo And Bahia. (O Globo,2016)The village that was destroyed by the mine collapse(The Argentina Independent,2016)The mudslide tsunami reached 39 cities in three Brazilian states. As a result of this disaster more than than 11 tons of fish were killed. The fauna and flora in the Rio Doce Basin became pull down more vulnerable. Ecosystem and species already threatened by predatory activities, impacts from industry, agriculture and mining are now at risk of extinction.(O Globo, 2016)The ResultsSamarco is controlled by Vale and the Australian company BHP Billiton, w hich accounts for 2% of the world production of pellets (steel balls used in steel production), is also one of the largest exporters in Brazil. (News.com.au, 2016)The Fundo dam used the hydraulic landfill system. The anterior reports showed that the main hypothesis for the accident, according to experts, is that a liquefaction (process has occurred, rather than Ejecting, retaining water), leading to the transformation of the sand into mud and a sudden variation in the internal coerce of the tailings deposit, making it unable to contain the waste. Shortly before the accident, the University of So Paulos Seismology Center (USP) recorded four small earthquakes. (O Globo, 2016)Almost a year later on the disaster, a re-issue was announced with the possible causes of the breach of the reservoir, BHP commercial director Dean Dalla Valle said there is no evidence that anyone had put production ahead of safety or reason to believe that someone from BHP had indicated that the dam was in d anger.The purpose is to determine the cause of the failure and not blame, (News.com.au, 2016) said Dalla Valle, denying that BHP or Vale had information about the prospects for a disaster.Youre not hiding any of it its there for all to see. (News.com.au, 2016)In the report, it was found that the rupture of the dam was caused by structural defects that prevented drainage. Despite the results, Samarco denies irregularities. It is comport that despite the results presented the company remains concerned about its own profits rather than being worried about predicting future disasters.According to The Argentina Independent, the 76 pages of the report showed that the dam rupture was caused by problems in the drainage project. Furthermore a small earthquake on the day the dam also could project accelerated the failure, according to the report. Besides that a separate police investigation also accused mining company Samarco of intentional misconduct, claiming the company ignored signs th at a dam was at risk of collapse.Samarco has already been fined 250m reals (64m) by Ibama (Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources) and 112m reals (28m) by Semad (Minas Gerais state goernments environment agency). (News.com.au, 2016)ConclusionEven the disaster had occurred in the Rio Doce basin affecting a small part of a country as big as Brazil the disaster is far from over for the people living in those places. Douglas Krenak explains Those affected continue to suffer, public health is precarious, The social system is precarious, its going down, this tragedy is creating problems now and it will create more in the future( The Argentina Independent, 2016).Although this story is far from over, what is expected to be responsible for the damage to the population and the environment. So that in the future the companies will invest more in the development of new technologies in their works foreseeing a greater security so that disasters like this one never hap pen again BibliographyThe shielder (2016, October15) Samarco dam collapse one year on from Brazils worst environmental disaster Retrived February 27,2016, fromhttps//www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/oct/15/samarco-dam-collapse-brazil-worst-environmental-disaster-bhp-billiton-vale-miningO Globo(2016, November 11) Maior desastre ambiental do Brasil, Tragdia de Mariana deixou 19 mortos Retrived February 27,2016, fromhttp//acervo.oglobo.globo.com/em-destaque/maior-desastre-ambiental-do-brasil-tragedia-de-mariana-deixou-19-mortos-20208009The Argentina Independent(2016, april 7) The Forgotten tragedy Revisiting Brazils Worst Ever Retrived February 28,2016, fromhttp//www.argentinaindependent.com/currentaffairs/analysis/revisiting-brazils-worst-ever-environmental-disaster/Insurance Journal(2016, august 30) Brazil Mine Disaster Caused by Poor Drainage Design of Tailings Dam Report Retrived February 28,2016, fromhttp//www.insurancejournal.com/news/international/2016/08/30/4247 81.htmNews.com.au(2016, september 1) BHP on fatal Brazil dam burst report Were not hiding any of it Retrived February 29,2016, fromhttp//www.news.com.au/technology/environment/bhp-on-fatal-brazil-dam-burst-report-were-not-hiding-any-of-it/news-story/562524fb559f21f4180b171da7009098

Oxygen Product and Recycling in Artificial Ecosystem

Oxygen Product and Recycling in Artificial EcosystemDiscovering Terrestrial and Aquatic lifeThe Ecosystem dissemblingPurpose/ HypothesisThe purpose of this test was to create an artificial ecosystem in order to observe the natural changes in life. The column was put together including a global and an aquatic section to see how the two interact as one. Plants, insects, and fish were added to the column in order to observe how type O is produced, used and recycled. The eco-column try out was done in order to familiarize us with testing piddle for pH, temperature, and turn oxygen levels. Along with familiarizing the participants with the process and meaning of certain environmental tests the eco-column simulation assistanceed to show how life and nature works. It gave insight to how one element affects another in nature. The eco-column simplified the mast works of nature.MethodsTwo liter bottles were brought in and the bottoms were write up out of in all yet one and the tops o ut of all. After cut, the bottles were assembled together and taped. The eco-column was composed of 3 different sections aquatic, decomposition and terrestrial. There was a distort inserted between the decomposition and the terrestrial bedrooms in order to catch the soil that would try to make its way down to the aquatic chamber. The eco-column was first assembled folk 24th. For the aquatic chamber water was brought in, nearly a gallon, from local lakes, ponds, and creeks. For the decomposition and terrestrial the soil was taken from local forest. After assembling the column and inserting water and soil there were instructions to insert rocks, sticks, and insects. After assembly was complete test were done. The aquatic chamber went through various test including turbidity, dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature, along with subjective test such as odor and color. Observations were completed, as well as soil test. At first the columns were well-tried every hebdomad, but after 3 w eeks the teacher instructed the class to complete test and observations every two weeks versus every week. The teacher gave out aquatic plants in order to help with dissolved oxygen levels. erst the dissolved oxygen levels and temperature became constant and proficient fish were vexd into each of the aquatic chambers of the eco-columns. The eco-column experiment lasted around three months from September to December. The tests were completed five sequences. Dissolved oxygen and temperature were both tested using a probe in which was placed in the water. The pH levels were tested using a a special paper stick pH tester. In order to test turbidity water samples were taken from the aquatic chamber and put in a machine which read the level. The soil test were completed by taking out a cup of soil from the eco-column the week before. They were accordingly tested for various elements such as pH, nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus by putting them in the directed containers in which po wder was added to test for the item element. The eco-column was taken down on December 3rd. The water and soil was dumped outside of the school and the bottles were given to our teacher in order to be used again.ResultsThe table down the stairs shows how the dissolved oxygen, temperature, and pH levels changed throughout the experiment. It is visible that the pH levels and temperature remained fairly constant over time. The temperature remained around 21 degrees Celsius and the pH levels neutral, 7. The dissolved oxygen levels however were incessantly changing. The first day of our experiment, September 24th, the dissolved oxygen level was 1.0. At that level the water was unsafe for marine life, such as fish. There was exactly each oxygen circulating throughout the chamber. A week later the level was up to 7.6. Our teacher stated that the range of 7 is a safe number. She ensured her class that they would receive plants and fish when the levels were suitable. About the second we ek in she added a plant into the aquatic chamber which really helped with the dissolved oxygen levels. in one case suitable (about the third week) the fish were added and one can see from the table that the tested fields remained fairly constant.Water Quality (figure 1)The table be funky shows the observations of the aquatic, decomposition, and terrestrial chambers over time. When the eco-column was first assembled, the water was not in very good condition. It reeked of sewage, was yellow and from the chart above the dissolved oxygen levels were as low as they could be. Not only was the aquatic chamber bad, but the decomposition and terrestrial habitats tanged fowl, were full of moulding, and life did not survive. From the chart one can considerably see that over time the conditions greatly improved and by the end was an ecosystem comeable for life. By October 22nd the eco-column had greatly improved. There were signs of developth, clear water and the mold was nearly gone. By t he last day of the experiment there was no smell, no algae and no signs of mold. From observations and data it is clear that the presence of plants and animals helped to improve water and soil quality. They helped to minimize bacteria and fungus while improving the state of the air and oxygen levels.Observations of Biomes(Table 1)DiscussionIdentify two fargon Chains or Food Webs in each of your habitats (chambers). Use arrows to illustrate these food chains and food webs complete sentences are not required. Use extra paper if needed.Aquatic domiciliateDecomposition Chamber (top soil chamber)Terrestrial ChamberOn separate sheetIdentify and briefly discuss the biogeochemical cycles which are taking place/which are move over in your EcoColumns. Do not merely state that they are all present instead, provide more specific informationThe sunlight brings in warmth , energy, and oxygen. While the animals ( fish and insects) breathe in oxygen CO2 is produced. The CO2 is then taken in by t he plants and oxygen is released. The cycle then repeats.Is your ecosystem column a closed or open system? or is it something in between a closed or open system? relieve how this (closed, open or other) influences the ecosystem column overall.The eco-column is in between an open and a closed system. It is closed in the sense that it is isolated from the rest of nature. It is open because it has all the regular cycles and interactions of an ecosystem but just in a smaller, and confined. Although it is technically a closed system it is open because it has natural cycles.What kind of niches are available/present for the various organisms in the column? Be specific, descriptive, and use terminology that is pertinent to the topic.The fish niche is to clean up the algae present in the aquatic habitat. While the aquatic plants niche is to take in the CO2 produced from the fish and produce oxygen in order to keep the fish alive and dissolved oxygen levels high.Discuss evidence of ecologic al succession taking place in your column (or in the column of another lab assembly if you bring not observed any signs of succession in your column).Our eco-column started out lifeless. The water was dark, the smell was unbearable, the chemical levels were high, and the dissolved oxygen levels were low. Over time the water began to clear, the smell went away the chemicals leveled out and the dissolved oxygen levels rose. The presence of plants cleared up the water and made it livable. After the first plant other plants were able to grow and the ecosystem was able to support life (fish).Discuss the stability and obtainability of the ecosystem columns in the lab, including your own.After the first week my groups eco-column became stable, the levels remained constant from that point forward, ours was also capable of sustaining life. However, everyones eco-columns werent as stable. Several groups struggled with clearing up their water and raising their dissolved oxygen levels. Becau se of this they were unable to have fish. One groups water turned black collectible to a fungus and eutrophication occurred.Discuss three trends or patterns which stand out as you think back on the data which you have been recording for 6 weeks. These trends or patterns should apply to the water quality tests or other observations which you have made over this multi-week time period. Briefly discuss these three trends or patterns, providing possible explanations found on environmental science principles.My groups pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature all follow the same pattern. They started out very low, rose quickly, dropped, and then leveled back out. many a(prenominal) of our terrestrial insects died so this could have possibly affected the levels, as well as lack of sunlight.Explain what eutrophication refers to and how this occurs. Apply this explanation to your ecosystem column. How might eutrophication take place in your column? Explain fully.Eutrophication refers to the i ncrease in nutrients in water such as nitrates and phosphates it depletes the oxygen and turns the water different colors. Eutrophication happened in one groups column but not ours. Eutrophication could happen by nutrients from the soil in the terrestrial chamber dropping down to the aquatic chamber and polluting the water. Once the water is polluted the oxygen depletes and the water changes colors and becomes unsafe.Pick another group in your class. How do your data compare to theirs? Brainstorm some causes/reasons for any differences.Since we worked at lab stations other groups were always around. I observed that most people had similar results to us. Good temperatures, steady levels of pH and dissolved oxygen with rather clear water. few groups however were not similar. Some had bad levels, could never get oxygen levels to healthy state and had vast amounts of mold and algae. Some eco-columns were lifeless because insects and plants were unable to survive.Finally, address any so urces of error in this lab. This should be narrated in a cause and effect manner and talk about specific problems. A good example would be water did not drain from the terrestrial chamber so while a bad example would be we messed up the measuring one day.The only error my group could find in the lab was the soil test. We could never get enough soil to do the test, so our data is very scarce and not one week could we actually complete the task. The only time we had enough soil was the last time and the results did not seem to be very accurate. I believe something could be done to improve the soil test and raise the accuracy.ConclusionBefore this experiment I was clueless on the various water and soil test as well as how to conduct them. I now feel footsure that I could complete each test on my own and I am aware of the temperature, pH level, and dissolved oxygen number needed to sustain life. This experiment was very helpful in demonstrating how an ecosystem works and how everythin g needs and plays off one another. The eco-column gave us the opportunity to experience biogeochemical and life cycles. We learned what is necessary to sustain life and I feel as if that was the most important thing learned from the eco-column experiment.ReferencesBotkin, D. B., E. A Keller (2011). Environmental Science (8th ed.). Hoboken, NJ John Wiley Sons.The EcoColumn. (2013). Retrieved December 12, 2013, from Annenburg prentice website http//www.learner.org/courses/essential/life/bottlebio/ecocol/EcoColumn Lab. (2013, February 7). Retrieved December 14, 2013, from Teaching Real Science website http//teachingrealscience.com/2013/02/07/eco-column-lab/

Basic Concept of Organizational Behavior Essay -- Fundamentals of Organ

Perhaps the single almost important proficiency for motivating the people you supervise is to treat them the same way you wish to be hard-boiled as responsible professionals. It sounds simple just strike the salutary balance of respect, dignity, fairness, incentive, and guidance, and you will create a motivate, productive, satisfying, and secure work environment. Unfortunately, as soon as the complexities of our evolving workforce mix with human relationships, even the best-intentioned supervisors can suffer the oversight side of their jobs deteriorating into chaos.TheoriesAs corporations strive to boost earnings in an increasingly rivalrous environment, they inevitably turn their attention to the issue of employee productivity and motivation. When employees be unsatisfied with their current work situation, productivity decreases, tension builds in the workplace, and morale be stupefys very low. Companies have got kn hold historically that morale affects productivity, yet man agement has struggled to come to terms with the factors that can create positive morale and an environment that attracts and retains workers and encourages them to produce. For this reason, many companies look for reading and practices that aim to achieve a higher level of employee motivation.Maslows & HerzbergsFor many years various motivation theories have made assumptions and offered explanations regarding human nature. However, no single motivation theory has proven to be the decision all - be all - of motivation. In order to understand the various underlying themes link up to motivation the following three theories have been identified - content, assist and reinforcement. Content theories are primarily concerned with what arouses behavior or particular attributes that motivate individuals. The most prominent content theory of motivation is Maslows Hierarchy of unavoidably and Herzbergs Motivational-Hygiene Theory. Maslow offered that human beings have their privations arr anged in a hierarchy such(prenominal) that they are motivated to seek satisfaction of the lower levels of need first. Once that level of need is satisfied it is no longer a motivator, and the person is motivated by the next level up the hierarchy. From a managerial perspective money, status, achievement, working conditions, friendly supervisors and co-workers can satisfy these individual needs. Herzberg used this theory as... ...ts your section the buck stops with you. Your team respects your integrity and trusts you to lead. You choke a champion, not an oppressor.Share the Spotlight The flip side of accepting responsibility for every matter that goes violate is giving subordinates just mention for everything that goes right. Never take credit for a subordinates work, and mention names at every possible opportunity. Dont be afraid that this admission endangers your own career. You were made a supervisor because others in liberty recognized your capabilities. The test of your value as a supervisor is your ability to create a productive, efficient team. Show management that working for you is the best thing that ever happened to your staff by drawing attention to each subordinates excellent performance. If your team is performing at a high level, you wont need to blow your own horn - your value will be obvious. Conclusion The face of business is evolving at a mind blowing pace. As the economy fluctuates and organizations seek ways to discombobulate the competition and be profitable, nothing remains more important to this goal than keeping the employees and management motivated in the modern workforce. Basic Concept of Organizational Behavior Essay -- Fundamentals of OrganPerhaps the single most important technique for motivating the people you supervise is to treat them the same way you wish to be treated as responsible professionals. It sounds simple just strike the right balance of respect, dignity, fairness, incentive, and guidance, and you will create a motivated, productive, satisfying, and secure work environment. Unfortunately, as soon as the complexities of our evolving workforce mix with human relationships, even the best-intentioned supervisors can find the management side of their jobs deteriorating into chaos.TheoriesAs corporations strive to boost earnings in an increasingly competitive environment, they inevitably turn their attention to the issue of employee productivity and motivation. When employees are unsatisfied with their current work situation, productivity decreases, tension builds in the workplace, and morale becomes very low. Companies have known historically that morale affects productivity, yet management has struggled to come to terms with the factors that can create positive morale and an environment that attracts and retains workers and encourages them to produce. For this reason, many companies look for training and practices that aim to achieve a higher level of employee motivation.Mas lows & HerzbergsFor many years various motivation theories have made assumptions and offered explanations regarding human nature. However, no single motivation theory has proven to be the end all - be all - of motivation. In order to understand the various underlying themes related to motivation the following three theories have been identified - content, process and reinforcement. Content theories are primarily concerned with what arouses behavior or particular attributes that motivate individuals. The most prominent content theory of motivation is Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and Herzbergs Motivational-Hygiene Theory. Maslow offered that human beings have their needs arranged in a hierarchy such that they are motivated to seek satisfaction of the lower levels of need first. Once that level of need is satisfied it is no longer a motivator, and the person is motivated by the next level up the hierarchy. From a managerial perspective money, status, achievement, working conditions, frie ndly supervisors and co-workers can satisfy these individual needs. Herzberg used this theory as... ...ts your department the buck stops with you. Your team respects your integrity and trusts you to lead. You become a champion, not an oppressor.Share the Spotlight The flip side of accepting responsibility for everything that goes wrong is giving subordinates just credit for everything that goes right. Never take credit for a subordinates work, and mention names at every possible opportunity. Dont be afraid that this approach endangers your own career. You were made a supervisor because others in authority recognized your capabilities. The test of your value as a supervisor is your ability to create a productive, efficient team. Show management that working for you is the best thing that ever happened to your staff by drawing attention to each subordinates excellent performance. If your team is performing at a high level, you wont need to blow your own horn - your value will be obvi ous. Conclusion The face of business is evolving at a mind blowing pace. As the economy fluctuates and organizations seek ways to beat the competition and be profitable, nothing remains more important to this goal than keeping the employees and management motivated in the modern workforce.

God is the Key to Happiness :: Happiness Essays

Who do you think has the best life on the earth? People with a lot of money, or people who are famous? When I was ten years old, I used to think that people who have money, just same(p) Bill Gates, have the best lives on the earth. But then when I got older, I thought that people who are famous and also have money are the ones with the best lives on this earth, Just same LeBron James. In the age of thirteen, I used to dream that I was going to have one of these lives in the future and I can become someone like LeBron James. But what should have been a wonderful dream was turned into a personal solicitude and disaster of losing a friend and classmate, Just afterwards my teacher asked one of my classmates and my friends that what do you want from god to give you as a Christmas present, and my friend answered cryptograph because he had everything that a young boy dreams to have a big house, lot of money, sport cars and expensive toys. He was from a rich family and his pare nts did not caveat of what he was doing or where he was, they just gave him as much money as he wanted to do anything he wanted. He was someone rattling famous in our school and people wished to have a life like him. But this dream did not last so long after we found out that he is not in school for a week. Our teacher said as he was going to read the prayer in the morning let?s pray for John as he is having some hard time in the hospital right now. Every oneness person in our class was shocked because of John. No body could believe that such an amazing life can turnto a disaster. John, the happiest person on the earth, who said that he does not need anything in his life got in trouble with a deadly disease which could cause death in few months, he got in trouble with blood cancer in his early life and doctors told his parents that he was not going to survive more than 2 months. I imagined the time that John told our teacher that he does not need anything and he is the happiest man on the earth which was kind of right by that time, just like Magic Johnson when he was talking to media about his life.